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Haploid
A single set of chromosomes (half the full set of genetic material) present in the egg and sperm cells of animals and in the egg and pollen cells of plants
Autosome
A chromosome not involved in sex determination.
Syndrome
The group or recognizable pattern of symptoms or abnormalities that indicate a particular trait or disease.
Mutation
Any heritable change in DNA sequence.
Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC)
A vector used to clone DNA fragments (100- to 300-kb insert size; average, 150 kb) in Escherichia coli cells.
Embryonic stem (ES) cells
An embryonic cell that can replicate indefinitely, transform into other types of cells, and serve as a continuous source of new cells.
Identical twin
Twins produced by the division of a single zygote; both have identical genotypes.
Mitosis
The process of nuclear division in cells that produces daughter cells that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent cell.
Gene
The fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity. A gene is an ordered sequence of nucleotides located in a particular position on a particular chromosome that encodes a specific functional product
Centromere
A specialized chromosome region to which spindle fibers attach during cell division.
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